Michael O'Callaghan - an up and coming Irish Trainer with a plan

Words - Daragh Ó Conchúir

More melodious than cacophonous, the chirp from the lush foliage enveloping the drive into Crotanstown Stud on a spring morning is louder than anything emanating from the yard itself.

The horses, though fed, are shaking off the influence of Morpheus as first lot is tacked up, dreams of carrots and zoomies, crystallised while immersed in deep beds of Willie Fennin’s winter barley straw, still lingering.

Michael O’Callaghan emerges to proffer a greeting. The canines, Samhain and three-legged Liath bound over to add their greetings. Samhain is everybody’s friend and has no problem with Twilight Jet having a friendly nibble on his ear. 

The pace is brisk but at the same time unhurried; relaxed O’Callaghan won’t be 34 until September, but despite growing up in a housing estate in Tralee without any exposure to equines until the Damascene conversion that occurred when he first sat on a pony as a 12-year-old, he has been involved in the industry long enough to experience plenty of slings and arrows.

He knows what he wants though, in horse and human. The latter is a key element of any successful operation—his wife Siobhain setting the tone with her level of graft and care for the horses. In a time when staffing is a huge problem throughout the industry, from office to rider to yardmen, he has a team he is very happy with. He knows the truth in the old proverb, If you want to go fast, go alone. If you want to go far, go together.

“Everyone that’s in the yard now is an asset,” O’Callaghan notes.

Success attracted significant owners very quickly and among those, past and present to link up with the Curragh-based Kerryman include Michael Iavarone, Qatar Racing, Chantal Regalado-Gonzalez and Sheikh Mohammed bin Khalifa al Maktoum. Kia Joorabchian’s Amo Racing has lived up to its name by providing significant ammunition this term—Malex and Crispy Cat winning early maidens. One of Joorabchian’s famous clients, the Aston Villa and former Barcelona and Liverpool star Philippe Coutinho, is a part owner of Olivia Maralda.

Twilight Jet—or TJ as he is known in the yard—is the apple of the Crotanstown eye. Kentucky Derby and Breeders’ Cup-winning owner, Iavarone bought half of the Twilight Son colt prior to his Breeders’ Cup run last year, while O’Callaghan and his partners, who include his father of the same name, retain the other half.

A £210,000 purchase at Goffs UK Breeze-Up in April 2021—an outlay that would a fair bit north of O’Callaghan’s average outlay—TJ ran a remarkable 11 times in his juvenile campaign from five furlongs to seven, winning twice at the shortest trip, including a Gp. 3 and finishing third twice more at group level.

Despite not being anywhere near peak fitness, he pulverised the field in the Gp. 3 Lacken Stakes at Naas on his seasonal reappearance over six furlongs last month; and Leigh Roche had to be at his strongest, not to win, but to pull his charge up. Jet has a season of Gp. 1 targets now. That Jet isn’t the only Crotanstown resident for which this may be the case is a testament to the genius of the man who has selected the vast majority of the 40 horses in the yard—and trains them. 

The string leaves on the dot of 7.30am, riders hi-vis jacketed though it is a clear, bright morning. They must cross at least two, sometimes three, main roads however, depending on what gallops O’Callaghan chooses to use on the vast training grounds. This morning, it’s the Old Vic.

“The first thing I do is I’m watching them as they’re jogging over, to make sure they’re not lame or not abnormally so. Some of them have their own way or take a little while to warm up. And this is a very good warm-up. None of them were on a walker beforehand as they jog a mile to the gallop.” 

Anyone from the outside world looking for one magic secret to training racehorses is on a fool’s errand because obviously, there is a conglomeration of factors. What is certain is that while you may have a system, dependent on the facilities available to you, a one-fits-all approach can never work. As far as O’Callaghan himself is concerned, observation is one watchword. Having people that understand horses and their individuality is another integral element.

“Good horsemen, I think, would make good psychologists... [because] what you’re trying to do is think the way horses think. That’s why I say to young people who ask what would make good horse people, ‘Start thinking the way the horses think.’ 

“They might say, ‘How [do] you do that?’ Quite simple. Put yourself in its head space. Why is he after jumping there or acting the fool? Then you learn very quickly and you become a better horse person for it, instead of just fighting them all the time. You can’t rule with an iron fist.”

It must be difficult though, and frustrating, when the horse cannot talk to you or you to it.

“But no animal can talk, and yet they can understand each other. So maybe the talking complicates things. Some people talk for the sake of talking.”

An articulate communicator, he prefers to look and listen. Interestingly, as he gathers information, he doesn’t take notes, even at the end of the day, for the purposes of refreshing the mind when attempting to solve a puzzle.

“Everything’s in my head. If I wrote it down, I’d forget it straight away. If you want to remember it, you’ll remember it, I think. They say if you said something to Michael Stoute after work, and commented that the horse gave two coughs, he’d write it on his hand with his finger.

“Two coughs,” he verbalises, as he traces the words on the palm of his hand, reconstructing how he imagines the most famous non-cricketing Barbadian doing it.

First lot is headed by Twilight Jet and the returning Steel Bull. Also included are three two-year-olds and an unraced three-year-old. We pause as they cross the bridge to the gallop.

“It’s a simple routine. They ride out six days a week and walk on a Sunday. If they’re running next week or need it, they’ll ride out on a Sunday. They do their regular two seven-furlong canters every day—nice pace. And then they work twice a week. Some horses work three times a week, some only once a week. And some fillies, you might only work them every second week.”

He breaks off to draw your attention to his main man.

“Look at Jet. Some boy, isn’t he? Well behaved. Stands there. On the way back now, he will power walk. You wanna see him. He’s power-walking and the others are jogging just to keep up. He’s just so happy with himself, he knows he’s good. And you see him there heading over now, he’s so laid back, with a bed head still on him.”

We move ahead of the string, to be at the top of the rising track. Willie McCreery is ahead of us. 

“You’re looking that they’re going the pace you want them to go so you’re bringing them forward,” says O’Callaghan, when asked what he wants to see. “Ultimately, you’re building, trying to get them fitter from the last day to the next day.”

The horses approach and gallop past—nostrils flaring, hooves rhythmically pounding. The next lot comprises O’Callaghan’s four acquisitions from the previous week’s Tattersalls Goresbridge breeze-up. 

“It’s the first time I watched them stretch their legs. And they weren’t hanging around.”

The feedback is positive, too. Potential starting points are discussed. There are some tracks he likes to kick off on more than others, including Cork (“The new straight course in Cork is the closest thing you’ll get to a perfect flat track.”), Navan, Leopardstown and of course, the home turf at HQ; but wherever you go, the opposition will be fierce.

“It’s mad when you think about it. We were disappointed when Crispy Cat was beaten by Blackbeard, but then he wins a Gp. 3 by six lengths and becomes [the] favourite for the Coventry. I would say the standard of two-year-olds this year in Ireland is red hot. With Ger Lyons and Jessie Harrington having so many well-bred horses; and then you have obviously Aidan and Joseph and Donnacha (O’Brien)—it has never been as competitive.

“There’s no hiding place in Ireland. None whatsoever.”

That makes winning difficult, but it is upon the resultant demand and market for Irish racehorses that can show promise in such an environment that the trainer’s business model is rooted.

The love of racing came first from picking up the Evening Echo newspaper for his granddad, also Michael, to select a few bets on a Saturday, and then waiting for the results to come up on Teletext.

Once he joined a friend at the nearby riding school, he was hooked. Gradually, he dragged his parents, and particularly his father—another Michael but with no clue about horses—into the web. Junior got a holiday job working for Tom Cooper. His dad, who after retiring from ESB set up a utility infrastructural development company (TLI Group) with his partner Thomas Fitzmaurice that was now booming, decided to buy a mare and some land so he could dabble a bit in breeding and share the journey of a new interest.

He is still doing it now, long since sold on his son’s gift. It is in Michael Sr’s now very recognisable silks of dark blue jacket with red epaulettes and red cap with dark blue star that most of the horses run in. 

O’Callaghan prepped yearlings and worked with stallions at Kilsheelan and Castlehyde Studs, where Paul Shanahan was a valued mentor. 

When his father sold a Galileo foal for €200,000, a plan was hatched to embark on a pinhooking enterprise together. He took the Irish National Stud management course in 2008, which is where he met Siobhain, and rented Millgrove Stud in Rathangan as a 20-year-old, when determining that he needed to be more central to continue his trading operation.

“It was a little bit stupid maybe, but for someone that comes from a background that’s not in horse racing, that hasn’t got a yard to walk into when the father retires, or a farm, or any of that crack, you have to kick on.”

O’Callaghan took out a restricted licence in 2012 and Bogini, bought out of Tracey Collins’ yard to breed from, won in Bath, Sandown and Leopardstown. She produced three winners, including Twitter sensation Caribbean Spring, or Bean, as he is known to his near 7,000 followers.

Bogini sadly died as a nine-year-old, but she sent O’Callaghan on his way. When five of the colts he sold at the breeze-ups the following season won on debut, it dawned on him that he could just move a step further down the line, use his breeze-up knowledge to buy at the sales and increase his profits by trading horses with form. For the most part, it has been a phenomenal success.

He began renting Crotanstown in 2013; and Blue De Vega, Now Or Never and Letters Of Note were early stakes winners, having been bought cheaply—the first two bought by Qatar Racing. More recently, Steel Bull won a maiden three weeks after being bought and the Gp. 3 Molecomb Stakes seven days after that. Twilight Jet is the latest to shine a light on O’Callaghan’s talents.

“I don’t look at the catalogue before I go to the sale,” O’Callaghan reveals. “I can’t let the catalogue taint what I’m seeing. You can’t train a piece of paper… when you can’t afford the pedigree, what comes first is a physical.

“I generally don’t look at a horse before I see them breeze. I watch them all breeze first, pick out by eye what I like the look of by the way they breeze. Generally the times aren’t out in time, so I head down the yard and look at 50 horses that I liked the look of breezing. It’s funny how often it works out that the horses I like the look of breezing; and then you get the team sheet and most of them are there in the top. You get a few ones that are there you didn’t like the look of and a few that you liked the look of that are down further, so you just have to weigh it up.”

So, time isn’t the be-all.

“It’s a big jigsaw, and you’re trying to put all the pieces together. There’s lads trying to make it scientific, analysing strides and this and that. My thought is if you can’t see it with your eye… you have to be able to recognise it.”

Physically, he places a good deal of store in the head, the eye and the ears. It was good enough for Vincent O’Brien, after all. After that, there is a physical make-up he relishes, and his description includes geometric lines from back and front that intersect in the middle of the back. It is easier for him to recognise it, than describe it; but you get the picture. 

He deals primarily in mature, fast horses that will hopefully make into milers.

“You’ve a quicker result,” he reasons. “You’ve a quicker debt if they’re no good.”

It is a balancing act around the business model because as a sportsman, he wants to be in the parade ring on the big days, as he was with Malex in the Irish 2000 Guineas earlier this season. Blue De Vega finished third in the Classic six years ago, Now Or Never filling the same slot in the fillies’ Guineas, 24 hours later.

“The whole world recognises that Irish racing is the most competitive racing there is. You run well in any maiden in Ireland, your horse is sellable; and that’s essentially what I’m doing. Now, I’m training horses for other people as well, and you’re still trying to get the best out of everything; but for the ones we own ourselves, we’re training to trade them.

“That doesn’t mean the first day they turn up at the racecourse, it’s their Derby. They still have to progress. People don’t belong copping on if the horses don’t improve. Part of what I pride myself in is in horses going on and being good horses elsewhere, that I haven’t emptied them. You have to do the right thing by the horse because at the end of the day, if you don’t get to sell them, you still want them progressing. This quick flash is no good to anyone.

“And that doesn’t mean that you don’t go and try and win [the] first time with horses, if they’re good enough. If they’re good enough, the way you train them up to that point, they’ll still progress. 

“Look at Twilight Jet last year.”

He is quick to point out that you would not run too many two-year-olds as often as Twilight Jet bounced out, but this rare type has “an unbelievable constitution” and only failed to fire in the final engagement at Del Mar. He doesn’t believe in wrapping up good horses in cotton wool either. If they are fit, they should run.

The relationship with Sheikh Mohammed bin Khalifa al Maktoum was founded on winning maidens with three breezers O’Callaghan had obtained for the Dubai royal. He was subsequently sent eight homebreds with fantastic pages, but they weren’t up to the mark. Lesson learned.

“It was a case in point of being sent horses and not having control in buying them, and what you’re given. If José Mourinho put a pair of football boots on me, he wouldn’t turn me into a footballer. It set me back a couple of years because I wasn’t buying as many horses because I hadn’t the space. I quickly realised that you need to control your own destiny. I had to go back to doing what got me there in the first place: buying horses. 

“It takes a lot of funding—takes a lot of balls. It creates a lot of stress [and] takes a lot of support. At the end of the day, you have to make up your mind in what you’re going to do. You have to commit and believe in it. You have to put enough thought into it that it’s not a shot in the dark. 

“It seems to be working and bringing me in the direction I want to go.”

And that is to a thriving, self-sustaining operation. 

“I don’t want to just train horses for a wage. We’re building a new yard at the minute, on the far side of Gilltown Stud between Craddockstown and Dunlavin. Like anyone in business, I like making money, but it’s not all about that. There’s the competitor in me as well that wants to win races. There’s the person that wants to train these good horses and get to these big meetings. 

“What I really love is going to the breeze-ups, finding the horses and then bringing them home, getting them into our system and getting to the track. That’s where I get a lot of satisfaction from… It’s not just about money, but you need to turn them into money because they cost a lot of money; and they don’t all work out.”

A new premise means a modern, clean building made from concrete and steel, full of air, non-porous and conducive to healthy animals. One of his primary focuses is on the storage barn for feed and bedding, which he says cost as much as building another 40 boxes. He places a lot of store in that element of training horses, recalling the words of Mark Johnston: “If we feed them more, we can train them harder.” And bad bedding can wipe out an entire season.

While he will continue to use The Curragh, he is installing a five-furlong uphill gallop built on land that is already 700 feet above sea level. There will be a 10-horse walker and an indoor covered ride. In time, he would love to put in a swimming pool, having seen the benefits with Twilight Jet and especially Steel Bull recovering from getting badly jarred up.

While the emphasis will always be on breezers, there is always a bit of a spread, such as the small breeding operation. He has an eye on a new angle with Twilight Jet: the possibility of turning him into a stallion. 

“You don’t go around touting it because it’s so hard to do, but it’s another way of getting paid. They’re a very valuable asset if you make them up into that sort of a horse and hopefully, Twilight Jet will make it into a horse that will be attractive to stallion men. He’s by Twilight Son, a commercial stallion; he’s such a good-looking horse, he was so hardy as a two-year-old with so much racing. He was a sale-topping two-year-old out of an Exceed And Excel mare. He’s going to be very commercial as a stallion if we can get him to win a Gp. 1 or even be placed in a Gp. 1 because he was such a two-year-old and he’s still so fast.

“We sold 50% of him to Michael Iavarone to go to the Breeders’ Cup, but we retained [the other] 50% of him. You have to get paid when you’re getting paid.”

Around 40–60 horses is his “sweet spot” at the moment, though he doesn’t rule out expanding that in time. But while there are plenty of rewards and he has prospered, it is a stressful life.

“When it’s getting on top of you, that’s the last thing you think about at night, what you think about when you wake up in the middle of the night, and what you think about when you wake up in the morning.

“With horses, a lot of it is out of your control… you have to be able to realise that.” 

He reminds me that Henry Cecil used to go shopping as an escape. While cutting a dapper figure in his suit on race day, O’Callaghan prefers racing Formula Vee cars at Mondello Park to the high street. He learned to fly planes before that but as well as providing an adrenaline rush, racing has the added benefit of being competitive, without him ever thinking he is going to usurp Max Verstappen and Lewis Hamilton any day. 

What often strikes this observer is the talent O’Callaghan has for procuring horses—at what often turns out to be value and turning them into a profit, which might quite easily have never been discovered, given his background. Is what he sees innate, or can anyone learn it?

“You can learn. You have to have the head to learn, and maybe there’s an innate ability there. I don’t know. I’ve learned everything. I’ve the type of brain that if I have an interest in something, I’ll immerse myself in it and I’ll learn as much as I can about it. I’ll nearly become addicted to it. I think everybody that excels in a sphere, they have to have that.”

He has certainly immersed himself in this racing world, combining high-stakes poker with a business plan. 

“This game, the way I’m doing it, you’re all-in, every day. A bad year would wipe you out. What you’re doing is you’re trying to get a right beano of a year to put you on a footing with a bit of comfort. But look, Jim Bolger is all-in, every day, too. At this stage of his life he is probably not actually, but there was a point for a long time that he was.

“You have to back yourself.”

And deliver. So far, so good.

Miranda Filmer

MIRANDA FILMER

4th April 1992 - 10th June 2022

We are saddened to report that our beloved publication manager, Miranda Filmer, passed away on June 10th, aged 30, after a brave battle against Neuroendocrine cancer.

Dealing with advertisers, suppliers and subscribers on a day-to-day basis Miranda played an integral role in the management of Anderson & Co Publishing.

Neuroendocrine tumours (NETs) are thought to be rare. Many have never heard of this cancer, it has been called the ‘Quiet Cancer’ as it presents so late and advanced, NETs currently impact more than 15,000 people in the UK alone.

It can affect anyone, of any gender, and at any age.

For many living with the disease the progression of the cancer is slow, with the tumours taking years to develop; but for some it presents aggressively, it may grow rapidly and spread to other parts of the body, causing debilitating symptoms.

Miranda refused to be defined by her disease, she rode everyday through cycles of chemotherapy and other debilitating treatments. Even as her cancer consumed her body, she continued to work - right up to the end.

Clinicians are yet to understand how people develop NETS, and why it presents so aggressively in some.

At the Royal Free London (RFL), Professor Martyn Caplin DM, FRCP has identified a research project which would address this critical research gap. A global specialist in NETs, Professor Caplin oversees the hospital trust’s Neuroendocrine Tumour Research Unit. 

His multidisciplinary team is committed to improving outcomes for patients through pioneering research, clinical trials, and innovative new therapies. Charitable support is urgently needed to kickstart Professor Caplin’s research programme as NET research is immensely underfunded.

To donate to the appeal, please visit  thebiggive.org.uk and search ‘Neuroendocrine Appeal’.

Or contact Delphine Chalmers - delphine.chalmers@royalfreecharity.org / +44 (0)7943 403887. Reference FILMERAPPEAL

TopSpec Trainer of the Quarter - Karl Burke

Words - Lissa Oliver

Karl Burke took out his licence in 1991 and trains from the historic Spigot Lodge in Middleham, Yorkshire, from where the famous Derby winner The Flying Dutchman was sent out in 1849. With a team that includes wife Elaine and daughters Kelly and Lucy, the Classic winning tradition continued under Burke when Laurens landed the 2018 Prix De Diane.

His first Royal Ascot winner came with the filly Quiet Reflection in the 2016 Gr. 1 Commonwealth Cup, but it’s safe to say the 2022 meeting has been just as memorable—Burke saddling two winners, one of whom, quite remarkably, was winning on debut. 

The last horse to win on debut at Royal Ascot was Dazzle in 1996. Just to put the first time out Listed Chesham Stakes victory of Holloway Boy in context, Derby winner Masar came into the 2017 race with a win already to his name, only to finish third.

“We would have been delighted if he’d finished fifth or sixth,” Burke admits. “While his win was a nice surprise, it was not a shock, as we’ve always thought he’s a very nice type.”

Holloway Boy is owned by Nick White and Burke’s wife Elaine. “We bought him out of the Cheveley Park consignment at Tattersalls Book 2 for £60,000. I trained his full-sister Oppressive for Cheveley Park and thought a lot of her, but unfortunately she injured a tendon and retired before achieving her potential.

“When I saw him, I thought he was a better stamp of a horse than Oppressive; and I bought him on spec’. He was not one of the first to sell; he was never going to be an early one. Then Nick White rang me and said he would like to buy a horse. So we showed him a couple of the yearlings, and he bought a half-share in Holloway Boy,” Burke explains.

“Holloway Boy was always a good size and strong. I like to get them through their early education up to Christmas, then we start the early ones in February; but he was never going to be one of those. He got very strong during the spring and came to hand very nicely and was ready to run a couple of weeks before Ascot. 

“We were going to go to Musselburgh for his first race, but he tweaked a muscle. Nick White wanted an Ascot runner, and I looked at the Chesham Stakes, half-heartedly thinking we’d run Holloway Boy. After he worked well, I thought we'd let him take his chance in the race and give the owners a nice day out.”

It proved to be a very nice day out, with many more still to come. “We’ve had a lot of interest in him, but we’re not going to sell him,” Burke says. “He did his first canter this morning since Saturday (the Thursday after the meeting) and has taken the race really well. The Superlative Stakes at Newmarket will be his first option, but if we feel that’s a bit too soon for him, then it will be the Vintage Stakes at Goodwood. 

“He looks all over a three-year-old already; he’s a good 500kg and stands over 16.1. There’s a little bit of speed in the pedigree, and the Two Thousand Guineas will be the target.”

Burke acknowledges he has a great team at Spigot Lodge—a young team with a nucleus of staff who has been with him since he began. They will certainly have plenty to dream of over the winter, as the One Thousand Guineas looks just as likely a target for unbeaten Dramatised, the filly Burke sent out to win the Gr. 2 Queen Mary Stakes at Royal Ascot.

“We’re very lucky to have a good team of two-year-olds; we have at least half a dozen good two-year-olds still to run. Dramatised should improve on her run and will go for the Prix Morny, and then she’ll have one more run in the Cheveley Park Stakes. 

“She is a great feather in her owner Steve Parkin’s cap. She is one of the first homebreds from his Branton Court Stud, so it was a huge result for him.”

Burke now has 130 boxes at Spigot Lodge, situated perfectly between Middleham’s High and Low Moor gallops. “We have several post and rail grass paddocks for turnout during the summer and an all-year-round turnout pit. We have recently developed the centre of our 300m indoor ride, adding a new lunge pen and an Aqua Equine Treadmill. 

“The Aqua Equine Treadmill is already making a great addition to our facilities, building the power and performance of our horses. The treadmill will also prove very useful when bringing horses back into work after holidays or injury.”

Electrolyte Balance – vital to the proper functioning of a racehorse's system

Words - Dr. Cath Dunnett

Electrolytes are essential components of the racehorse’s diet as they are vital to the proper functioning of the body’s basic physiological processes, such as nerve conduction, muscle contraction, fluid balance and skeletal integrity. The major electrolytes, sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium and magnesium are widely distributed within the body, but can be more concentrated in particular organs and tissues. For example, the level of potassium is very high in red blood cells but quite low in plasma, and the level of calcium in blood is low, but comparatively very high in bone and in muscle cells. The body has in-built mechanisms that work to maintain the correct electrolyte balance within the tissues, fluids and cells. These modify the absorption of electrolytes in the gut, or their excretion by the kidneys. These mechanisms are not foolproof however, and electrolyte loss through sweat can be a major issue for Thoroughbreds. The sweat of the equine athlete, unlike its human counterpart, is hypertonic; meaning that horse sweat contains higher levels of electrolytes than the circulating blood plasma. Consequently, the horse loses comparatively large quantities of electrolytes through sweating.

Although the electrolyte composition of equine sweat varies between individuals, on average a litre would contain about 3.5g of sodium, 6g of chloride, 1.2g of potassium and 0.1g of calcium. From this we can see that the majority of the electrolyte lost is in the form of sodium and chloride or ‘salt’. The amount of sweat produced on a daily basis and therefore the quantity of electrolytes lost differs from horse to horse and depends on a number of factors. As sweating is primarily a cooling mechanism, how hard a horse is working, i.e. the duration and intensity of exercise and both the temperature and humidity of the environment are all significant. Horses can easily produce 10 litres of sweat per hour when working hard in hot humid conditions. Stressful situations can also cause greatly increased sweating.

For example, during transport horses can lose a significant amount of electrolyte through sweating and the opportunity for replenishing this loss through the diet may be less as feeding frequency is reduced. Use of electrolyte supplements either in the form of powders or pastes is advocated before, during and after travel, especially over long distances. A number of air freight transport companies advise trainers to use a powdered electrolyte supplement added to the feed on a regular basis given for the 3 days prior to travel. As this helps offset much of the loss normally incurred during transport and subsequently the horses arrive at their destination in better shape. Electrolyte supplementation is a valuable attribute in the ongoing battle to reduce in-flight dehydration.

Electrolytes lost from the body in sweat must be replenished through the diet. All feeds, including forages, have a natural electrolyte content and in concentrate feeds this is usually enhanced by the addition of ‘salt’, which is sodium chloride. Forages such as grass, hay, haylage or alfalfa (lucerne) naturally contain a large amount of potassium, as can be seen from the table 1 below. In fact, 5kg of hay for example, would provide in the region of 75g of potassium, which largely meets the potassium needs of a horse in training. It is therefore questionable whether an electrolyte supplement needs to routinely contain very much potassium unless forage intake is low. Calcium is another important electrolyte, but it is lost in sweat in only very small amounts and its availability in the diet tends to be very good.

Calcium is particularly abundant in alfalfa with each kilogram of the forage providing nearly 1.5g of calcium. A kilo of alfalfa alone would therefore go a long way towards replacing the likely calcium loss through sweating. In addition, the calcium found in alfalfa is very ‘available’ to the horse in comparison to other sources, such as limestone. Calcium gluconate is another very available source of calcium, however, it has a relatively low calcium content compared to limestone (9% vs. 38%) and so much more needs to be fed to achieve an equivalent calcium intake. Interestingly, there is great variation between individual horses in their ability to absorb calcium, however, scientific studies carried out at Edinburgh Vet School showed that this variability was considerably less when a natural calcium source in the form of alfalfa was fed.

By far the most important electrolytes to add to the feed are sodium and chloride or ‘salt’. The levels of sodium and chloride found in forage are quite low and due to manufacturing constraints only limited amounts of salt can be added to traditional racing feeds. A typical Racehorse Cube fed at a daily intake of 5kg (11lbs) would provide only about 20g of sodium and 30g of chloride. As can be seen from table 2 this is a fair way short of meeting the daily requirements for these particular electrolytes by a racehorse in hard work.

It is therefore very important that supplemental sodium and chloride is fed. Ordinary table salt is by far the simplest and most economical electrolyte supplement, but the downside is the issue of palatability as the addition of larger quantities of salt to the daily feed can cause problems with horses ‘eating up’. As an alternative salt could be added to the water, but only when a choice of water with and without salt is offered. Salt should not be added to the water if it puts a horse off from drinking, as dehydration will become a problem.

Inadequate water intake can also contribute to impaction colic. Saltlicks are another alternative, although intake can be very variable and we rely on the horse’s innate ability to realise its own salt requirements, which is questionable. So addition to the feed is by far the best route for adding salt or electrolyte supplements to the diet. Splitting the daily intake between two or three feeds can reduce problems with palatability.

Mixing salt and Lo Salt can make another simple DIY electrolyte supplement in the proportion of for example 500g to 250g respectively. Salt is sodium chloride (NaCl), whilst Lo Salt contains a mixture of sodium chloride and potassium chloride (KCl). This formulation provides 3g of sodium, 6g of chloride and 1g of potassium per 10g measure. This DIY mixture will replace these electrolytes in the approximate proportions that they are lost in sweat. What are the implications of a racehorse’s diet containing too little or too much of an electrolyte and how can we assess this? An inadequate level of certain electrolytes in the diet in some horses may simply result in reduced performance. In other individuals, it can make them more susceptible to conditions such as rhabdomyolysis (tying up), or synchronous diaphragmatic flutter (thumps), both of which are regularly seen in horses in training. Conversely, an excess electrolyte intake is efficiently dealt with by the kidneys and is ultimately removed from the body via the urine.

Therefore, the most obvious effect of an excessive electrolyte intake is increased drinking and urination. For this reason, the use of water buckets rather than automatic drinkers is preferred, as whilst the latter are far more labour efficient, the ability to assess water intake daily is lost. Excessive electrolyte intake can also be a causative factor in diarrhoea and some forms of colic. There is also some recent evidence in the scientific press that suggests that repeated electrolyte supplementation might aggravate gastric ulcers. However, these early studies used an electrolyte administration protocol typical of that seen during endurance racing, rather than simply a daily or twice daily administration, which is more commonly used in racing.

Supplements that contain forms of electrolyte that dissolve more slowly in the stomach, however, may be less aggressive to the sensitive mucosa. Unfortunately blood levels of sodium, potassium, chloride or calcium are poor indicators of whether dietary intake is sufficient or excessive unless it is very severe. This is because the body has effective systems for regulating the levels of these electrolytes in blood within very tight physiological limits. A creatinine clearance test, which measures the electrolyte content of a paired blood and urine sample is a much more useful indicator of dietary electrolyte adequacy.

There are a large number of commercial electrolyte products available, with a wide range in the breadth of ingredients that they contain. Consequently, they vary enormously in the amount of electrolyte that they deliver per recommended daily dose, as can be seen in table 3. In addition, whilst some glucose or other carbohydrate can help improve palatability, its presence should not compromise the amount of electrolyte that is contained within the supplement. In humans, it is recognised that the uptake of sodium from the gut is improved in the presence of glucose, while this effect in horses has not been firmly established. Electrolyte paste products are also often used either before and or after racing or travel.

These products are useful as they allow rapid electrolyte intake even when feed eaten may be reduced following racing. These electrolyte pastes often provide a more concentrated form of supplement and it is extremely important to ensure that the horse has access to water immediately following their use. Failure to do this may mean that the concentration of electrolytes in the gut actually draws water from the circulating blood, which can exacerbate dehydration. Another disadvantage with paste supplements is that if they are not formulated well, with an appropriate consistency, they can be difficult to dispense from a syringe and the horse may also be able to spit most of the product out after administration.

Some simple rules of thumb for choosing a good electrolyte are that salt should be one of the first ingredients listed on pack, as all ingredients are listed in descending order of inclusion. Additionally, be wary of supplements that taste sweet, as they may contain a lot of carbohydrate filler and little electrolyte. Some electrolyte supplements also contain many superfluous ingredients such as vitamins and trace minerals. The inclusion of these latter ingredients is largely unwarranted and their presence could cause issues with oversupply if the electrolyte is multi-dosed daily. Some electrolyte products specifically marketed towards racing may also contain bicarbonate.

The theory behind its inclusion is sound as ‘milk shaking’, whilst outside the rules of racing, has some scientific validity. However, the limited amount of bicarbonate contained in such electrolyte supplements is unlikely to have the positive effect on performance attributed to the former practice. Other extra ingredients such as pre-biotics may be more useful as they may improve the absorption of some electrolytes. In Summary, electrolyte supplementation in one form or another is essential within a racing diet. Ensuring that you are using a good electrolyte supplement is important and the quantities fed must be flexible and respond to changes in the level of work, degree of sweating and climate.

Juvenile Jumpers - Is there a place in Britain and Ireland for a juvenile hurdle programme?

Words - Lissa Oliver

The racing industry can often be accused of living in the past. Horsemen rely to an extent on the sharing of knowledge and experience handed down from one generation to the next, yet trainers in particular are keen to keep up with the latest trends and innovations in the hope they may improve the performance of their horses. While we thrive on tradition, we still constantly chase the next best thing.

Rooted more deeply in the past is National Hunt racing, which could be described as the more accessible side of our sport. Within the ranks of breeders, trainers and amateur jockeys are a great number of hobbyists, who like to do things themselves in the manner they have always done.

So it’s perhaps no surprise that we now delve back to 2013, a year in which we posed just about the same question we pose here: Should National Hunt store horses be broken at time of sale? It was a question then that had emerged out of borderline panic, as British and Irish-bred National Hunt horses struggled to compete against the French-breds. As with most panic attacks, we looked to the most immediate and obvious cause and set about addressing the situation with a campaign to supply ready-broken stores.

Speaking at the 2013 launch of an educational DVD on the breaking of store horses, Irish Thoroughbred Breeders Association Manager Shane O’Dwyer explained, “The view in National Hunt circles is that we need to change the way we do business, in that traditionally the store horse is broken at three and four, but the French system of breaking at two years appears to be a good alternative. The sales companies are pushing for horses to be broken by the autumn of their two-year-old career and then turned away to mature.”

That was 10 years ago. While the tide in results has since turned, the ideas put in place at the time have still yet to find favour. After a decade, 2022 sees the first National Hunt sale to cater for the new Junior Hurdle programme that will commence in Britain this autumn. Goffs UK August Sale at Doncaster in early August will feature a new National Hunt two-year-old session as part of the company’s support of the British Horseracing Authority (BHA) and Thoroughbred Breeders Association’s (TBA) National Hunt Junior Hurdle races.

The National Hunt two-year-old session at the sale will see all horses offered with pre-sale veterinary certificates, in the same way that stores are offered in the Doncaster Spring Sale, and the new National Hunt Junior Hurdle Races will be open exclusively to three-year-olds from October to December and four-year-olds from January to April.

However, if we look at the number of store horses offered broken over the past ten years, early breaking does not seem to have gained any popularity among breeders and consignors, despite drives by the TBA and ITBA. Nor does it have any obvious effect on sales.

Ten years ago, the three largest sales in Ireland and Britain in 2012 catalogued an average of 23% broken stores. 77.3% of the Land Rover Sale catalogue were unbroken, of which 74.4% were sold. 76.2% of horses listed as having been driven in long reins were sold; 71.4% of those listed as driven and backed were sold; and 70.3% of the broken horses found buyers.

Those 2012 figures were similar at Fairyhouse, where 77.8% of the Derby Sale catalogue were unbroken. Only 11 were listed as broken, but all 11 were sold. 79.5% of those driven and backed changed hands, and 80.3% of horses driven in long reins were sold. 83.3% of the unbroken horses found buyers.

Meanwhile, at the 2012 DBS Spring Sale, looking at the 208 stores catalogued on the final day, the picture was much the same. 62.5% were unbroken, of which 73.8% sold. 62.5% of the broken horses changed hands, 66.7% of the youngsters driven and backed were sold, and 72% of those long reined found homes.

A lot depends on the individual horse, and the sheer volume of unbroken horses limits the purchaser’s choice; but the comparative percentages show that having a horse prepared and even broken was certainly not a disadvantage, even then.

If we skip ahead to the current year, Goffs Land Rover Sale 2022 had 715 catalogued, of which only seven were broken, 0.98%. Tattersalls Derby Sale 2022 had 390 catalogued, four of which were broken, 1%. Goffs UK Spring Store Sale 2022 had six broken, from a catalogue of 313, 1.9%. That’s a total of just 1.2% of broken horses, quite a decrease from the 23% of broken stores on offer in 2012.

The French, of course, have a National Hunt programme designed to bring young horses to the track, with sales arising from racecourse performance rather than the ring. The Arqana Grand Steeple Sale 2022 had 38 catalogued, of which 19 raced over hurdles as three-year-olds (50%) and the remainder, bar four in training but unraced, ran on the Flat. 

The French system of early racing experience is popular with trainers, who are trying to satisfy the demands of impatient owners who want to go straight from the sales to the racecourse. It’s also a system that benefits its young National Hunt horses, who have a programme in place allowing them to develop and gain experience on the track. Until this year, no such development programme existed for British and Irish horses.

Junior National Hunt Hurdles in Britain are open to horses that have not previously run before 1 October of that season, nor previously started in a Flat race or more than three hurdle races. Horses will be allowed to run in a maximum of four Junior National Hunt Hurdles, with a penalty structure for wins in previous hurdle races.

There will be 10 Junior National Hunt Hurdle races in the 2022/23 season open to three-year-olds and run between mid-October and the end of December, with a similar number for four-year-olds from January to the end of the season, all run at Classes 2 to 4 under WFA terms. 

Wins by British-bred fillies nominated to the GBB (NH) scheme will generate bonuses just as they would for Novice Hurdles, which is £20,000 for GB-sired fillies winning fillies-only races and £10,000 for those winning any-sex races. Junior National Hunt Hurdle race winners will still be eligible to compete in Novice Hurdles during the following season, just as for National Hunt Flat races. It is hoped this will boost the sales of two-year-old National Hunt prospects.

“By adding these races to the programme, we’ll be able to gain a much better understanding of the impact of providing young jumping horses with the opportunity to start their careers at an earlier stage,” says Richard Wayman, Chief Operating Officer of the BHA. “Such an approach is already well established in France and to some extent as part of a vibrant Point-to-Point scene in Ireland, and we hope that owners and trainers will support the introduction of Junior National Hunt Development Hurdle Races and view them as an ideal opportunity for the right sort of jumping horse.”

Dr Bryan Mayoh, Chairman of the TBA NH Committee and co-breeder of black-type National Hunt winners, including Sizing John, told the National Trainers Federation, “This could be a long-term game changer for British Jump racing and breeding.”

He points out that “almost half of the horses gaining RPRs of 170 or more from 2009/10 onwards are French-breds” and argues the point, “top-class French-breds are far more likely to have run over obstacles at the age of three or by the middle of their four-year-old year. These horses had probably been schooled over hurdles several months earlier. The early racing of French-bred National Hunt horses, rather than any differences in pedigree, appears to be the single biggest factor generating the superior results of French-breds in recent years.”

Of course, it isn’t only the French-bred horses who benefit from early racing. Irish bred and trained horses are also now dominating the National Hunt scene, as their success at recent Cheltenham Festivals highlights. Once again, we could point to early racing as a probable reason for success, as so many Irish National Hunt horses have come from the Point-to-Point field. As trainer David Pipe tells us, “We do not get many orders for store horses, so tend to buy English or Irish Point-to-Pointers.”

Of the 30 races run at the 2022 Cheltenham Festival, 15 were won by Irish-breds, nine by French-breds and four by British-bred horses. Looking only at the 20 Graded races, only two of the winners ran as three-year-olds, both in France. Thirteen of the Graded winners debuted at four, five of them in Point-to-Points. Three didn’t start until the age of five, one as a six-year-old and one had run on the Flat at two.

The picture in 10 years’ time might be very different, with the trend in National Hunt horses debuting at four changing to a bulk of three-year-old appearances. But, overall, the knee-jerk reactions to stem the tide of rival breeding nations appear neither to have been embraced nor even to have affected the turnaround in results or the turnover at sales.

There is, however, another argument to early breaking and racing. Research by Ely, Avella, Price, Smith, Wood and Verheyen, published in the April 2009 Equine Veterinary Journal, found that ex-store horses were twice as likely to suffer tendon and suspensory ligament injuries as ex-Flat horses. The data collected from 1,223 horses based in 14 different British National Hunt training yards showed the recorded fracture incidence rate varied significantly by trainer, but not by gender or age. 

The tendon and suspensory ligament incidence rate also varied significantly by trainer, as well as by age, but not by gender. The findings are clear: Early breaking and training halves the incidences of tendon and suspensory ligament problems.

It has been shown that short, controlled pieces of work at regular intervals, between recovery turnout, allow tendons and ligaments to grow and develop strength in harmony with bone growth. When a young National Hunt horse comes into training from a background of controlled exercise it is far less likely to suffer suspensory ligament problems, and its career is significantly prolonged as a consequence.

Grange Stud has been breaking its stores for the past 20 years and in terms of physical development, it makes logical sense. “It’s the same for any athlete, be they human or equine; the sooner you start skills training, the better it is for their careers,” points out bloodstock agent John O’Byrne. “Look at top professionals in any sport: they had a ball, club or racquet in their hands nearly before they could walk.”

Clean Water and horses - the importance of this often forgotten essential nutrient

Words - Alan Creighton

The Irish Equine Centre monitors the environment in over 200 racing yards across Europe. That monitoring package includes air quality, feed and fodder quality and storage, stable hygiene testing, and indoor exercise hygiene testing. A further major portion of that environmental monitoring package includes regular water sampling both at source and water directly from buckets or troughs. Water is the number-one nutrient fed to any animal, and it is often overlooked both in nutrient programmes and in the diagnosis of health issues resulting from poor performance of racehorses. We often hear the excuse that “Ah sure, horses drink from dirty puddles and ponds; and they seem fine.” That may be true and even OK for horses on farms, where horses are on a break or at pasture, but it’s OK not for high- level stressed racehorses. Anything that affects the gut flora or metabolism of a racehorse can have a negative effect on performance.

By weight, horses consume up to three times as much water as food per day. If the water contains toxins, high levels of minerals or any other environmental contamination, nutritional and performance problems can result.

Horses should consume enough water to replace what is lost through faeces, urine and importantly for racehorses, sweat particularly due to exercise. Water consumption will depend on several factors. These factors can be variable and include temperature, humidity, feed and fodder quality, type and amount of feed and fodder, exercise level, stage of fitness and health. The average daily consumption for a 500kg horse would be approximately 45 litres per day in normal, average weather conditions. The same horse, when in full training, could consume nearly three times that or up to 125 litres of water per day. When racehorses are carrying out their conditioning or fitness work following a long break, particularly in warm weather, the sweat production can increase further, which in turn increases the water and electrolyte requirements.

At this stage of conditioning, there is a fine balance between water and electrolyte concentration, which is essential for appropriate muscle contraction and also in the cooling down process of the horse. An imbalance or a depletion of electrolytes can lead to premature muscle fatigue, reduced stamina, muscle cramps, poor post exercise recovery and tying up. These facts further highlight the need to ensure an abundant, safe supply of water to racehorses. 

Contaminated water will impact the performance of both. This is something that may be overlooked in all types of horse management. High bacterial content in water can affect all animals, and in particular young stock and under-pressure racehorses. High iron content in water can cause severe gut upset in horses, which builds up over time. High levels of nitrate, nitrite and aluminium can also have a large negative impact on horses. Water quality in farm wells can fluctuate greatly and require constant monitoring.

There are three main sources of water available to racehorses: mains or municipal water, well or borehole water and finally running water in streams, if using outdoor paddocks daily. Yards in or close to towns usually draw their water from a public or municipal system that provides extensive purification and filtration services and also regularly tests its water for contaminants such as disease-causing bacteria and toxic chemicals including pesticides. The worries are less from this source but not eliminated. If there is damage to the delivery line or a problem with the plumbing on your own yard or farm, your water could still be compromised. Mains water can also be variable in the concentration of fluoride and chlorine, which means it requires regular monitoring as this may affect the palatability of water.

If your drinking water comes from a small group scheme or your own private well, then you are responsible for ensuring it is safe to drink. Many wells provide beautifully clean water, but there is also the potential for contamination. Man-made water sources are not free of issues; they require consistent maintenance.

Wells which are drilled correctly, sealed and more than 50 feet (15m) deep have less chance of becoming contaminated with bacteria. Water from an old or shallow well should be tested more frequently. Wells close together can supply water of varying quality. Even two wells side by side can draw water from separate aquifers (underground water sources) and yield very different results. Water quality from wells, both in terms of bacterial content and physical and mineral makeup, can vary greatly based on seasonal factors. Drought, heavy rainfall, local farming practices all can have a negative impact.

Trainers more and more are seeing the benefits of keeping racehorses in outdoor paddocks either for a portion of the day or permanently. If the water source is only a stream or river, then obviously a good flow is required. Ponds are usually problematic. Agricultural chemicals and other environmental contaminants can cause blue-green algae to bloom in the water. Not all algae produce harmful chemicals, but blooms are indicators of unhealthy or stagnant water.

Horse owners often forget to observe or clean water troughs in paddocks. If the water in a trough appears green or murky, it needs to be dumped and replaced. When cleaning a water trough, it is often necessary to remove algae by more vigorous means than rinsing alone. Stiff brushes and apple cider vinegar are two safe tools for removing algae and discouraging regrowth. 

Like us, however, their water intake can quickly be adversely affected if the water’s taste is unpleasant. Horses that refuse to drink from unfamiliar-tasting water sources are distressingly common. There is more and more evidence to suggest that horses are reluctant to drink low pH or acidic water. You may have a scenario where a horse is used to drinking a balanced pH water (6.5-7.5) and then travels to a racetrack were the pH may be much lower (4.5-5.5) and then refuse to drink, which would be a problem and lead to dehydration if stabled there for a number of days.

The most common problem we find in water is bacterial contamination. Testing your well’s water for bacterial contamination on a regular basis is sound practice. A total coliform test checks the water for bacteria normally found in the soil, surface water, and human and animal waste. Coliform bacteria are not, in themselves, considered harmful, but their presence in your water supply is an indication that your well or supply may be contaminated either from runoff from a manure pit, a nearby septic tank, or fertiliser or manure spread on a nearby farm. Coliform levels can vary greatly due to drought conditions or with sudden heavy rainfall. It’s also possible to have high coliform levels when the well has developed physical defects, such as a broken or missing cap that could allow debris, surface water, insects or rodents inside. Bacterial testing is a good idea whenever there is a noticeable change in the colour, odour or taste of your water, or if a group of animals become sick. 

If high coliform levels turn up in your well water, it’s possible your own manure management is the culprit. To protect your water, make sure you situate your manure pit in an elevated, well-drained location, not on the lowest spot on the property. After a rainstorm, watch the flow of water—it should go around your manure pile, not through it. Simply rerouting the flow of run-off water can improve your water quality considerably. 

The variability of bacterial levels in water supplies often results in trainers needing to install a UV filter onto the water inlet pipe, which feeds their yard. UV filters, once working correctly and maintained, are effective at reducing the bacterial load.

Blue-green algae in natural water sources can produce cyanotoxins, which are extremely dangerous for horses. Blue-green algae poisoning can cause muscle tremors, laboured breathing, bloody diarrhoea, liver damage and even convulsions and death. So it’s best to remove horses from a contaminated water source with algal blooms immediately. Algal growth is usually associated with large amounts of organic material in the water, often as a result of runoff from nearby fertilised fields.

Nitrate levels in natural or well water supplies are also a concern. Nitrate converts to the much more toxic nitrite in the rumen, which reacts with blood haemoglobin, reducing the availability of the blood to hold oxygen. Nitrites and ammonia should only be present in drinking water at very low levels. Ammonia may be present in supplies as a result of runoff from agricultural slurry, fertiliser or industrial waste. It rapidly oxidises to nitrite (which principally exists as an intermediate) and, in turn, to nitrate. Elevated levels of ammonia and nitrites are indicative of effluent contamination, and the source should be investigated and eliminated. For drinking purposes, removing nitrate is required and can be carried out by the installation of a reverse osmosis (RO) system.

When it comes to water safety, pesticides and herbicides are other worries. Though it can be expensive to test for these chemicals, it may be worth doing if you have significant concerns about the agricultural sprays being used in your area, or if you suspect solvents or other toxic chemicals have leached into your water from a nearby industrial facility. 

Until recently, the veterinary world had viewed iron toxicity in horses mainly as an acute condition and often only as a result of overdosing on iron supplements. However, research has shown that horses exposed to high iron levels in water, grass or hay over a prolonged period can accumulate the mineral in their livers, resulting in chronic iron overload. This iron overload can prevent the liver from carrying out its essential duties so vital to an exercising racehorse. High iron in water also can have a detrimental effect on the gut flora of horses, which can lead to all types of metabolic issues. Iron levels in well water vary greatly from region to region, and many hotspots have been identified over vast areas in different countries. Iron, like most minerals, can be filtered from water using filtration systems at the point of entry into the yard.

Once trainers have established a reliable clean source of water, they must then ensure that the distribution of clean water is maintained throughout the yard. That means placing covers on header tanks to prevent rodent or bird infiltration, cleaning water bowls, drinkers and buckets and finally flushing water lines to automatic drinkers on an annual basis. 

Then there’s the  question of which is better: watering using buckets or automatic drinkers? Both have positives and negatives. You can monitor the amount a horse drinks from buckets and then take buckets out of the box to clean as needed. The down side to bucketed water is that it’s labour intensive. Automatic drinkers are not labour intensive, but they do need to be checked daily to ensure they are working. They supply fresh water constantly, but you have no idea how much water a horse has drunk or not, and the systems need constant flushing and cleaning. 

Not all natural water sources are problematic, and not all artificially provided water is safe. Keeping a careful watch over the water your horses are drinking will allow you to detect contamination issues before they cause illness, dehydration or loss of performance.

Drinking water must be completely free from any microorganisms or contaminants which are considered a health risk.

The IEC provides water testing for equine, agricultural, domestic and commercial purposes. Water is tested for bacterial content including E. coli and total coliforms but also physical and equine-specific mineral profiles to an ISO 17025 standard. Water can pose a health risk for humans and animals when consumed, even though contamination may not be noticeable by taste, smell or even colour. 

Does jockey gender makes a difference to racehorse performance?

Words - Charlotte Schrurs (PGDip VetPhys, MSc)

Male jockeys have no more influence over the performance of a racehorse than female jockeys

Experts from the University of Nottingham have found that the sex of a jockey doesn’t influence any aspect of racehorse physiology and performance. 

The findings of the study, presently published as a preprint at Research Square, offer a new perspective on the possible balance of elite male and female jockeys on the start line of races.  

Studies assessing the effect of the sex of a rider on racehorse performance and physiology during training have not been reported, mostly due to the lack of available data for female participants within the sport. 

The racing of Thoroughbred horses has a tradition dating back to the 18th Century in the UK. However, it was not until the mid-late 20th Century that the first ladies’ race was held. In the present day, more than 90% of participating jockeys, in most racing nations, are men. This is likely an unconscious bias toward male jockeys being, on average, physically ‘stronger’, able to push horses harder, and thus performing better in races than female jockeys. 

In horse-racing, male and female jockeys compete against each other in the majority of races. This is because the competitive advantage is less on the physical attributes of the rider but more on skill level or ability to partner with an animal. Indeed, racing requires quick reaction time and agility from the jockey while being able to navigate the horse with dexterity across the peloton at peak speeds often exceeding 60km/h.

In the present day, more than 90% of jockeys, in most racing nations, are men. This is likely an unconscious bias toward male jockeys being, on average, physically ‘stronger’, able to push horses harder, and thus performing better in races than female jockeys.

This decade has seen a marked increase in participation of female jockeys at an elite level in the racing industry. In 2021, the Irish jockey – Rachael Blackmore – made history by winning several high-profile races. This year, she continued her remarkable rise by becoming the first female jockey ever to win the Gold Cup at the Cheltenham Festival. Success stories, like this, are shaping global betting behaviours on the racetrack and challenging the public’s confidence in the ability of male or female jockeys to win big races.  

In the UK and Ireland, previous research had suggested an underestimation of the ability of female jockeys to win races, as recorded in betting behaviour. 

In racing, a competitive advantage may lie in the ability of a jockey to control the horse, and/or less weight carried by the horse (i.e. weight of jockey plus saddle). 

An average racehorse weighs ~500-600kg, an average jockey, ~49-55 kg. Yet, a few 100g extra on the back of a racehorse has been shown to influence race performance. Therefore, weight carried by the horse (jockey, plus saddle and added weights where necessary) is used to further equalise any perceived performance advantage. This allows horses of varying levels to participate in so-called “handicap” races. In such races, each horse is attributed a predetermined weight to carry (jockey plus saddle, with added weights where necessary) determined by the racing regulatory board. Horses with better racing records are allocated higher weights in order to further equalise any perceived performance advantage. Hence, jockeys are weighed in before, and weighed out after, races. 

All being equal, would a racehorse during race-pace work-outs perform any differently when ridden by either a female or male jockey? Would that racehorse be more or less likely to win a race? 

Researchers from the School of Veterinary Medicine and Science at the University of Nottingham, worked with Guillaume Dubois PhD Scientific Director at Arioneo Ltd – a company that developed a bespoke exercise tracking device for horses; and an Equine Sports Medicine specialist (Dr Emmanuelle van Erck-Westergren PhD; Equine Sports Medicine Practice, Belgium) to answer some of these questions. 

They monitored 530 thoroughbred racehorses, ridden by 103 different work riders, which were randomly allocated to a horse (66 male, 37 female) over a total of 3,568 work-outs (varying intensity from slow/med/hard canter to gallop) at a single racing yard (with varying tracks sand, fibre, turf) (Ciaron Maher racing) in Victoria, Australia. Variables such as speed, stride length and frequency, horses heart rate and rate of recovery were recorded with a validated fitness tracker (the ‘Equimetre’©). This tracker was specifically designed to monitor horses during their daily exercise routine with advanced data analysis services (www.arioneo.com).

The investigators found no effect of sex of the jockey on any objectively measured outcome variable, measured from slow-canter to hard, race-pace gallops. But would this lack of effect of sex of jockey in training, also translate to actual race results, where many other variables come into play?   

Analysing results from 52,464 races (combining steeplechase and flat races), female jockeys had a similar win percentage (of total race starts) as male jockeys in the UK (female, 10.7% vs. male, 11.3%). In Australia, male jockeys had a slightly higher win percentage (11.0 vs. 9.9%), but this was negated when considering a top three race finish. 

Taken together, the researchers found minimal effect of the sex of the jockey on both training and race outcomes. Some curious effects were observed. For example, recovery of racehorse heart rate after exercise appeared influenced by sex of the rider, but only when the usual training intensity on each track surface (grass or sand) was reversed. 

Male work-riders, more so than female, perhaps anticipated the ‘expected’ training-intensity (e.g. gallop on grass) and their proposed anticipation was transmitted faithfully to the horse, who responded with higher or lower heart rate. Further work is needed, however, to confirm this effect. When considered across all training sessions, then no difference in expected recovery rates of racehorses were noted between male and female jockeys.  

Ms Charlotte Schrurs (PGDip VetPhys, MSc), doctoral student and lead author with Professor David S Gardner PhD, said: “Our study is the first to objectively assess whether sex of the jockey has an influence on any aspect of racehorse physiology and performance. The data convincingly suggest the answer is no and offers a new perspective on the possible balance of elite male and female jockeys on the start line of races. Efforts to favour a more ‘inclusive environment’ would greatly contribute towards equal opportunities and the promotion of fair competition within this highly popular and fascinating sport.” 

The full study can be found here  - https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-1341860/v1